Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are systems with random structural features that arise uncontrollably during manufacturing. With proper optical readout and computer processing, they can serve as sources of unique keys for anti-counterfeiting or cryptography. A logical next step for such systems is to shrink the characteristic scale of their randomness to the nanoscale, which would make possible higher-capacity sources of cryptographic keys. Such a transition, however, faces fundamental problems related to the diffraction limit of optical readout.
Members of our center, together with colleagues from Université de Lorraine and New Uzbekistan University, proposed a solution to this problem using multiresonant gold–silicon particles. The unique spectral features of these particles’ broadband photoluminescence were used as «fingerprints» of their nanoscale structural inhomogeneities. As a result, an ultrahigh storage density of unique information in these physically unclonable functions was achieved, at least 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than values reported in other works. The paper is published in Nature Communications (IF = 14.9): https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60121-9